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GROUP BY Quirk

without comments

It’s always interesting to see how others teach SQL courses. It can be revealing as to whether they understand SQL or only understand a dialect of SQL. In this case, one of my old students was taking a graduate course in SQL and the teacher was using MySQL. The teacher made an issue of using ANSI SQL:1999 or SQL3 and asked the following question, which I suspect is a quiz bank question from a textbook:

“How would you get all students’ names and for each student the number of courses that the
student has registered for?”

They referenced the MySQL 5.7 documentation for the GROUP BY and SQL:1999 as if MySQL implemented the ANSI SQL:1999 specification defined the standard. I didn’t know whether to laugh or cry because they were referring to MySQL 5.7 when we’re all using MySQL 8 and anybody who’s worked in more than MySQL knows that the behavior for a GROUP BY in MySQL can work without listing the necessary non-aggregated columns in the SELECT-list.

For example, their working solution, which is from the instructor and the author of their MySQL textbook the correct perspective of ANSI:1999 behavior. It doesn’t matter that their solution is actually based on ANSI:1992 not ANSI:1999 because it will only succeed because of a quirk of MySQL:

SELECT   a.studentname
,        COUNT(b.courseid)
FROM     students a INNER JOIN registeredcourses b
ON       a.studentid = b.studentid
GROUP BY a.studentid;

While it works in MySQL, it doesn’t work because it conforms to an ANSI standard. It works in MySQL, notwithstanding that standard because it violates the standard.

In Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server, it raises an exception. For example, Oracle raises the following exception:

SELECT   a.studentname
         *
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00979: not a GROUP BY expression

The correct way to write the GROUP BY is:

SELECT   a.studentname
,        COUNT(b.courseid)
FROM     students a INNER JOIN registeredcourses b
ON       a.studentid = b.studentid INNER JOIN courses c
ON       b.courseid = c.courseid
GROUP BY a.studentname;

Then, it would return:

Student Name                   Course IDs
------------------------------ ----------
Montgomery Scott                        1
Leonard McCoy                           2
James Tiberus Kirk                      3

For reference, here’s a complete test case for MySQL:

/* Drop table conditionally. */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS students;
 
/* Create table. */
CREATE TABLE students
( studentID    int unsigned primary key auto_increment
, studentName  varchar(30));
 
/* Drop table conditionally. */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS courses;
 
/* Create table. */
CREATE TABLE courses
( courseid    int unsigned primary key auto_increment
, coursename  varchar(40));
 
/* Drop table conditionally. */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS registeredcourses;
 
/* Create table. */
CREATE TABLE registeredcourses
( courseid    int unsigned
, studentid   int unsigned );
 
/* Insert into students. */
INSERT INTO students
( studentName )
VALUES
 ('James Tiberus Kirk')
,('Leonard McCoy')
,('Montgomery Scott');
 
/* Insert into courses. */
INSERT INTO courses
( coursename )
VALUES
 ('English Literature')
,('Physics')
,('English Composition')
,('Botany')
,('Mechanical Engineering');
 
/* Insert into registeredcourses. */
INSERT INTO registeredcourses
( studentid
, courseid )
VALUES
 (1,1)
,(1,3)
,(1,4)
,(2,2)
,(2,5)
,(3,4); 
 
/* Check global sql_mode to ensure only_full_group_by is set. */
SELECT @@GLOBAL.SQL_MODE;
 
/* Query with a column not found in the SELECT-list. */
SELECT   a.studentname
,        COUNT(b.courseid)
FROM     students a INNER JOIN registeredcourses b
ON       a.studentid = b.studentid
GROUP BY a.studentid;
 
/* Query consistent with ANSI SQL:1992 */
SELECT   a.studentname
,        COUNT(b.courseid)
FROM     students a INNER JOIN registeredcourses b
ON       a.studentid = b.studentid INNER JOIN courses c
ON       b.courseid = c.courseid
GROUP BY a.studentname;

and, another complete test case for Oracle:

/* Drop tabhe unconditionallly. */
DROP TABLE students;
 
/* Create table. */
CREATE TABLE students
( studentID    NUMBER PRIMARY KEY
, studentName  VARCHAR(30));
 
/* Drop table unconditionally. */
DROP TABLE courses;
 
/* Create table. */
CREATE TABLE courses
( courseid    NUMBER PRIMARY KEY
, coursename  VARCHAR(40));
 
/* Drop table unconditionally. */
DROP TABLE registeredcourses;
 
/* Create table. */
CREATE TABLE registeredcourses
( courseid    NUMBER
, studentid   NUMBER );
 
/* Insert values in student. */
INSERT INTO students ( studentid, studentName ) VALUES (1,'James Tiberus Kirk');
INSERT INTO students ( studentid, studentName ) VALUES (2,'Leonard McCoy');
INSERT INTO students ( studentid, studentName ) VALUES (3,'Montgomery Scott');
 
/* Insert values in courses. */
INSERT INTO courses ( courseid, coursename ) VALUES (1,'English Literature');
INSERT INTO courses ( courseid, coursename ) VALUES (2,'Physics');
INSERT INTO courses ( courseid, coursename ) VALUES (3,'English Composition');
INSERT INTO courses ( courseid, coursename ) VALUES (4,'Botany');
INSERT INTO courses ( courseid, coursename ) VALUES (5,'Mechanical Engineering');
 
/* Insert values into registeredcourses. */
INSERT INTO registeredcourses ( studentid, courseid ) VALUES (1,1);
INSERT INTO registeredcourses ( studentid, courseid ) VALUES (1,3);
INSERT INTO registeredcourses ( studentid, courseid ) VALUES (1,4);
INSERT INTO registeredcourses ( studentid, courseid ) VALUES (2,2);
INSERT INTO registeredcourses ( studentid, courseid ) VALUES (2,5);
INSERT INTO registeredcourses ( studentid, courseid ) VALUES (3,4); 
 
/* Non-ANSI SQL GROUP BY statement. */
SELECT   a.studentname
,        COUNT(b.courseid)
FROM     students a INNER JOIN registeredcourses b
ON       a.studentid = b.studentid
GROUP BY a.studentid;
 
/* ANSI SQL GROUP BY statement. */
SELECT   a.studentname AS "Student Name"
,        COUNT(b.courseid) AS "Course IDs"
FROM     students a INNER JOIN registeredcourses b
ON       a.studentid = b.studentid INNER JOIN courses c
ON       b.courseid = c.courseid
GROUP BY a.studentname;

I hope this helps those learning the correct way to write SQL.

Written by maclochlainn

January 12th, 2023 at 11:30 pm

Posted in MySQL,MySQL 8,Oracle,Oracle 18c,Oracle 21c,PostgreSQL,PostgreSQL 15,SQL Server,SQL Server 2014

Tagged with , , ,

TDE on PostgreSQL

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The scope of Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) in PostgreSQL only applies to columns. It does not encrypt other aspects of the database, like table-level and database-level encryption; and those who deploy PostgreSQL may need to implement additional security measures to protect these database components.

You need to know two key elements before exploring TDE in PostgreSQL: Scheme inside a database and extensions. Unlike many databases, PostgreSQL schemas are not synonymous with a database. You may have multiple scheme (or, alternatively schemas) inside any PostgreSQL database.

Creating an extension is a one time event. Therefore, it’s easier to show you that first. You create a pgcrypto extension with the following command:

CREATE EXTENSION pgcrypto;

The public schema is the one most users deploy but for the purpose of hiding our AES encryption key this example creates a hidden schema. Unless you change the default find setting the hidden schema is not visible when connecting to the database.

You create the hidden schema with the following idimpotent (re-runnable) set of commands:

/* Drop dependent objects before dropping the schema. */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS hidden.aes_key;
DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS hidden.get_aes_key;
 
/*
 *  Drop function with cascade to remove the
 *  film_character_t trigger at same time.
 */
DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS hidden.film_character_dml_f CASCADE;
 
/* Drop the schema conditionally. */
DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS hidden;
 
/* Create the schema. */
CREATE SCHEMA hidden;

Next, we need to create a aes_key table and get_aes_key function in the hidden schema. The table will store the AES encryption key and the function lets us create an AES encryption key.

/* Create an aes encryption key table. */
CREATE TABLE hidden.aes_key
( aes_key  text );
 
/* Create a hidden function to build an AES encryption key. */
CREATE OR REPLACE
  FUNCTION hidden.get_aes_key() RETURNS text AS
  $$
  BEGIN
    RETURN gen_random_bytes(16)::text;
  END;
  $$
  LANGUAGE plpgsql;

After creating the public get_key() function, you insert a single row to the aes_key table by prefacing it with the hidden schema name, like this:

/* Insert the AES encryption key into a table. */ 
INSERT INTO hidden.aes_key
( aes_key )
VALUES
( hidden.get_aes_key());

Having built the plumbing for our AES encryption key, let’s show you how to encrypt and decrypt string values. This example lets you create an idimpotent film_character table in the public schema, like:

/* Drop the table conditionally. */  
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS film_character;
 
/* Create the demonstration table for encrypting and decrypting strings. */ 
CREATE TABLE film_character
( character_id    serial PRIMARY KEY
, plain_text      text
, encrypted_text  bytea );

After creating the AES encryption key table, function, and inserting a row of data, you need to create a public get_key() function, like:

/* Create a public function to retrieve the AES encryption key. */
CREATE OR REPLACE
  FUNCTION get_key() RETURNS text AS
  $$
  DECLARE
    retval  text;
  BEGIN
    SELECT aes_key INTO retval FROM hidden.aes_key;
    RETURN retval;
  END;
  $$
  LANGUAGE plpgsql;

The following INSERT statement write a plain text column and encrypted text column into the film_character table. The get_key() function hides how the pgp_sym_encrypt function encrypts the string.

/* Insert plain and encrypted text into a table. */
INSERT INTO film_character
( plain_text
, encrypted_text )
VALUES
('Severus Snape'
, pgp_sym_encrypt('Slytherin',get_key()));

The following query displays the plain and encrypted text stored in a row of the film_character table.

/* Query plain and encrypted text from a table. */
SELECT character_id
,      plain_text
,      encrypted_text
FROM   film_character;

It displays:

 character_id |  plain_text   | encrypted_text
--------------+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            1 | Severus Snape | \xc30d04070302fa1c4eebd90204cc7bd23901f1d4fa91b2455c3ef2987a305aebe01a4d94f9ebb467d6cb7a3846342ccd09cb55ac5e82a71cbaef93728fbeb4aaa9bf71b6fb93457758d1
(1 row)

Last, the following query displays the plain and decrypted text with the pgp_sym_decrypt function in a query:

/* Query the plain and decrypted text from a table. */
SELECT character_id
,      plain_text
,      pgp_sym_decrypt(encrypted_text,get_key()) AS encrypted_text
FROM   film_character;

The query returns the plain and decrypted values:

 character_id |  plain_text   | encrypted_text
--------------+---------------+-----------------
            1 | Severus Snape | Slytherin
(1 row)

However, this approach exposes the method for encrypting the encrypted_text column’s string value. You can hide this by creating a film_character_dml_f function in the hidden schema and a film_character_t trigger in the public schema, like:

/* Create trigger function for insert or update. */
CREATE FUNCTION hidden.film_character_dml_f()
  RETURNS trigger AS
$$
DECLARE
  /* Declare local variable. */
  unencrypted_input  VARCHAR(30);
BEGIN
  unencrypted_input := new.encrypted_text::text;
  /* Encrypt the column. */
  new.encrypted_text := pgp_sym_encrypt(unencrypted_input,get_key());
 
  /* Return new record type. */
  RETURN NEW;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
 
CREATE TRIGGER film_character_t
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON film_character
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION hidden.film_character_dml_f();

Now, you can insert the plain text data in an INSERT statement and the encryption occurs without disclosing how it happens. Here’s a sample statement:

INSERT INTO film_character
( plain_text
, encrypted_text )
VALUES
('Harry Potter'
,'Gryffindor');

A query of the table shows you that both rows have an encrypted value in the encrypted_text column.

/* Query plain and encrypted text from a table. */
SELECT character_id
,      plain_text
,      encrypted_text
FROM   film_character;

Displayed like:

 character_id |  plain_text   |                                                                                   encrypted_text
--------------+---------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            1 | Severus Snape | \xc30d040703026716034f140d83e76cd23a01f99168afebe50d760b85c69373e3947c74473115a939843887db8e102cd0b2524378f4d684e0ba91c20afc436a056cd983fc47794eef7d4904
            2 | Harry Potter  | \xc30d040703020d8cc71d1f84e1ef6fd24701fd308f669e28a6135beac130fc51a6ccb5cef3c5005f4f557207fe5c84c4aedbb5b098dc9a882a9b7d801c61e34cd90517b4628b5a18b96b3fc61663b48391146b8c0fa2a858
(2 rows)

As always, I hope this code complete solution helps those trying to work with this technical stack.

Written by maclochlainn

January 8th, 2023 at 10:23 am

Posted in Postgres,PostgreSQL,PostgreSQL 14,PostgreSQL 15

Tagged with ,

DML Event Management

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML statements add data to, change data in, and remove data from tables. This section examines four DML statements—the INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE statements—and builds on concepts of data transactions. The INSERT statement adds new data, the UPDATE statement changes data, the DELETE statement removes data from the database, and the MERGE statement either adds new data or changes existing data.

Any INSERT, UPDATE, MERGE, or DELETE SQL statement that adds, updates, or deletes rows in a table locks rows in a table and hides the information until the change is committed or undone (that is, rolled back). This is the nature of ACID-compliant SQL statements. Locks prevent other sessions from making a change while a current session is working with the data. Locks also restrict other sessions from seeing any changes until they’re made permanent. The database keeps two copies of rows that are undergoing change. One copy of the rows with pending changes is visible to the current session, while the other displays committed changes only.

ACID Compliant Transactions

ACID compliance relies on a two-phase commit (2PC) protocol and ensures that the current session is the only one that can see new inserts, updated column values, and the absence of deleted rows. Other sessions run by the same or different users can’t see the changes until you commit them.

ACID Compliant INSERT Statements

The INSERT statement adds rows to existing tables and uses a 2PC protocol to implement ACID- compliant guarantees. The SQL INSERT statement is a DML statement that adds one or more rows to a table. Oracle supports a VALUES clause when adding a single-row, and support a subquery when adding one to many rows.

The figure below shows a flow chart depicting an INSERT statement. The process of adding one or more rows to a table occurs during the first phase of an INSERT statement. Adding the rows exhibits both atomic and consistent properties. Atomic means all or nothing: it adds one or more rows and succeeds, or it doesn’t add any rows and fails. Consistent means that the addition of rows is guaranteed whether the database engine adds them sequentially or concurrently in threads.

Concurrent behaviors happen when the database parallelizes DML statements. This is similar to the concept of threads as lightweight processes that work under the direction of a single process. The parallel actions of a single SQL statement delegate and manage work sent to separate threads. Oracle supports all ACID properties and implements threaded execution as parallel operations. All tables support parallelization.

After adding the rows to a table, the isolation property prevents any other session from seeing the new rows—that means another session started by the same user or by another user with access to the same table. The atomic, consistent, and isolation properties occur in the first phase of any INSERT statement. The durable property is exclusively part of the second phase of an INSERT statement, and rows become durable when the COMMIT statement ratifies the insertion of the new data.

ACID Compliant UPDATE Statements

An UPDATE statement changes column values in one-to-many rows. With a WHERE clause, you update only rows of interest, but if you forget the WHERE clause, an UPDATE statement would run against all rows in a table. Although you can update any column in a row, it’s generally bad practice to update a primary or foreign key column because you can break referential integrity. You should only update non-key data in tables—that is, the data that doesn’t make a row unique within a table.

Changes to column values are atomic when they work. For scalability reasons, the database implementation of updates to many rows is often concurrent, in threads through parallelization. This process can span multiple process threads and uses a transaction paradigm that coordinates changes across the threads. The entire UPDATE statement fails when any one thread fails.

Similar to the INSERT statement, UPDATE statement changes to column values are also hidden until they are made permanent with the application of the isolation property. The changes are hidden from other sessions, including sessions begun by the same database user.

It’s possible that another session might attempt to lock or change data in a modified but uncommitted row. When this happens, the second DML statement encounters a lock and goes into a wait state until the row becomes available for changes. If you neglected to set a timeout value for the wait state, such as this clause, the FOR UPDATE clause waits until the target rows are unlocked:

WAIT n

As the figure below shows, actual updates are first-phase commit elements. While an UPDATE statement changes data, it changes only the current session values until it is made permanent by a COMMIT statement. Like the INSERT statement, the atomic, consistent, and isolation properties of an UPDATE statement occur during the first phase of a 2PC process. Changes to column values are atomic when they work. Any column changes are hidden from other sessions until the UPDATE statement is made permanent by a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement, which is an example of the isolation property.

Any changes to column values can be modified by an ON UPDATE trigger before a COMMIT statement. ON UPDATE triggers run inside the first phase of the 2PC process. A COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement ends the transaction scope of the UPDATE statement.

The Oracle database engine can dispatch changes to many threads when an UPDATE statement works against many rows. UPDATE statements are consistent when these changes work in a single thread-of-control or across multiple threads with the same results.

As with the INSERT statement, the atomic, consistent, and isolation properties occur during the first phase of any UPDATE statement, and the COMMIT statement is the sole activity of the second phase. Column value changes become durable only with the execution of a COMMIT statement.

ACID Compliant DELETE Statements

A DELETE statement removes rows from a table. Like an UPDATE statement, the absence of a WHERE clause in a DELETE statement deletes all rows in a table. Deleted rows remain visible outside of the transaction scope where it has been removed. However, any attempts to UPDATE those deleted rows are held in a pending status until they are committed or rolled back.

You delete rows when they’re no longer useful. Deleting rows can be problematic when rows in another table have a dependency on the deleted rows. Consider, for example, a customer table that contains a list of cell phone contacts and an address table that contains the addresses for some but not all of the contacts. If you delete a row from the customer table that still has related rows in the address table, those address table rows are now orphaned and useless.

As a rule, you delete data from the most dependent table to the least dependent table, which is the opposite of the insertion process. Basically, you delete the child record before you delete the parent record. The parent record holds the primary key value, and the child record holds the foreign key value. You drop the foreign key value, which is a copy of the primary key, before you drop the primary key record. For example, you would insert a row in the customer table before you insert a row in the address table, and you delete rows from the address table before you delete rows in the customer table.

The figure below shows the logic behind a DELETE statement. Like the INSERT and UPDATE statements, acid, consistency, and isolation properties of the ACID-compliant transaction are managed during the first phase of a 2PC. The durability property is managed by the COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement.

There’s no discussion or diagrams for the MERGE statement because it does either an INSERT or UPDATE statement based on it’s internal logic. That means a MERGE statement is ACID compliant like an INSERT or UPDATE statement.

Written by maclochlainn

January 1st, 2023 at 8:05 pm

Posted in Database,DBA,Oracle,Oracle 21c,sql

Tagged with ,

AlmaLinux Flask

with one comment

This post shows how to install and test Flask with Python on AlmaLinux. You install the flask Python libraries with the following commands as the student user. The student user is in the sudoer group.

pip3 install flask_sslify --user student

It produces the following log file:

Display detailed console log →

Collecting flask
  Downloading Flask-2.2.2-py3-none-any.whl (101 kB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 101.5/101.5 kB 737.3 kB/s eta 0:00:00
Collecting student
  Downloading Student-0.0.1-py3-none-any.whl (2.5 kB)
Collecting itsdangerous>=2.0
  Downloading itsdangerous-2.1.2-py3-none-any.whl (15 kB)
Collecting importlib-metadata>=3.6.0
  Downloading importlib_metadata-5.2.0-py3-none-any.whl (21 kB)
Collecting Jinja2>=3.0
  Downloading Jinja2-3.1.2-py3-none-any.whl (133 kB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 133.1/133.1 kB 1.9 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Collecting Werkzeug>=2.2.2
  Downloading Werkzeug-2.2.2-py3-none-any.whl (232 kB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 232.7/232.7 kB 18.5 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Collecting click>=8.0
  Downloading click-8.1.3-py3-none-any.whl (96 kB)
     ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 96.6/96.6 kB 16.2 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Collecting zipp>=0.5
  Downloading zipp-3.11.0-py3-none-any.whl (6.6 kB)
Collecting MarkupSafe>=2.0
  Downloading MarkupSafe-2.1.1-cp39-cp39-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl (25 kB)
Installing collected packages: zipp, student, MarkupSafe, itsdangerous, click, Werkzeug, Jinja2, importlib-metadata, flask
Successfully installed Jinja2-3.1.2 MarkupSafe-2.1.1 Werkzeug-2.2.2 click-8.1.3 flask-2.2.2 importlib-metadata-5.2.0 itsdangerous-2.1.2 student-0.0.1 zipp-3.11.0

You can use the following hello.py test program

# Import libraries.
from flask import Flask, escape, request
from markupsafe import escape
 
# Define the application.
app = Flask(__name__)
 
# Define a base URI route and function.
@app.route('/')
def index():
  return "Hello World!"
 
# Define an application URI route and function.
@app.route("/hello")
def hello():
  name = request.args.get("name","Simon")
  return f'Hello {escape(name)}!'
 
# Define an about URI route and function.
@app.route("/about")
def about():
  return "About Page."
 
# Define an <username> variable rule for a route.
@app.route("/user/<string:username>")
def show_user_profile(username):
  return 'User [%s].' % escape(username)
 
# Define an <username> variable rule for a route.
@app.route("/year/<int:year>")
def show_post(year):
  return 'Year [%d].' % year
 
# Run the file.
if __name__ == "__main__":
  app.run()

You can start the Flask server with the following two commands in a separate shell session. This allows you to monitor activities and writes an activity log:

export FLASK_APP=hello.py
flask run

It also writes a compiled version of the hello.py program to the __pycache__ directory. If you make changes to the base file, you must delete the cached version in the __pycache__ directory.

You can test it by typing any of the following URL in a browser:

  1. The index page without a routing label in the URL: 

    http://localhost:5000/hello

    It’ll print the following:

    Hello World!
  2. The index page with a hello routing label in the URL: 

    http://localhost:5000/hello

    It’ll print the following:

    Hello Simon!
  3. The index page with a about routing label in the URL: 

    http://localhost:5000/about

    It’ll print the following:

    About Page.
  4. The index page with a user routing label in the URL: 

    http://localhost:5000/user/Somebody

    It’ll print the following:

    User [Somebody].
  5. The index page with a year routing label in the URL: 

    http://localhost:5000/year/1986

    It’ll print the following:

    Year [1986].

The activity log shows the following:

 * Serving Flask app 'hello.py'
 * Debug mode: off
WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment. Use a production WSGI server instead.
 * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000
Press CTRL+C to quit
127.0.0.1 - - [29/Dec/2022 19:33:12] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [29/Dec/2022 19:33:21] "GET /hello HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [29/Dec/2022 19:33:27] "GET /about HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [29/Dec/2022 19:33:48] "GET /year/1986 HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [29/Dec/2022 19:34:09] "GET /user/Somebody HTTP/1.1" 200 -

If you stop the process with the Ctrl+Z, the process will not stop but not the listener process. As a sudoer user, you can find the open listener process with the following command:

sudo netstat -nlp | grep 5000
[sudo] password for student:

It will return something like this:

tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:5000          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      143363/python3

You kill the process without prejudice by using the following command:

kill -9 143363

As always, I hope this helps those who are looking for step-by-step instructions.

Written by maclochlainn

December 29th, 2022 at 4:35 pm

Posted in flask,Python,Python 3.x

MySQL PNG Files

with one comment

LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python) Architecture is very flexible. All the components can be positioned on the same server or different servers. The servers are divided into two types. The types are known as the Application or database tiers. Generally, the application tier holds the Apache Server, any Apache Modules, and local copies of Server Side Includes (SSI) programs.

In many development environments, you also deploy the client to the same machine. This means a single machine runs the database server, the application server, and the browser. The lab for this section assumes these configurations.

Before you test an installation, you should make sure that you’ve started the database and Apache server. In an Oracle LAMP configuration (known as an OLAP – Oracle, Linux, Apache, Perl/PHP/Python), you must start both the Oracle Listener and database. MySQL starts the listener when you start the database. You must also start the Apache Server. The Apache Server also starts an Apache Listener, which listens for incoming HTTP/HTTPS requests. It listens on Port 80 unless you override that setting in the httpd.conf file.

The URI reaches the server and is redirected to an Apache Module based on configuration information found in the httpd.conf file. Spawned or child processes of the Apache Module then read programs into memory from the file system and run them. If you’ve uploaded a file the locally stored program can move it from a secure cache location to another local area for processing. The started programs can run independently or include other files as libraries, and they can communicate to the database server.

Working though PHP test cases against the MySQL database for my AlmaLinux installation and configuration, I discovered that the php-gd library weren’t installed by default. I had to add it to get my PHP programs to upload and display PNG files.

The log file for applying the php-gd packages:

Display detailed console log →

Last metadata expiration check: 3:59:15 ago on Wed 28 Dec 2022 08:17:58 PM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
 Package         Architecture    Version               Repository          Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 php-gd          x86_64          8.0.20-3.el9          appstream           43 k
 
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package
 
Total download size: 43 k
Installed size: 110 k
Downloading Packages:
php-gd-8.0.20-3.el9.x86_64.rpm                  196 kB/s |  43 kB     00:00    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                            39 kB/s |  43 kB     00:01     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                        1/1 
  Installing       : php-gd-8.0.20-3.el9.x86_64                             1/1 
  Running scriptlet: php-gd-8.0.20-3.el9.x86_64                             1/1 
  Verifying        : php-gd-8.0.20-3.el9.x86_64                             1/1 
 
Installed:
  php-gd-8.0.20-3.el9.x86_64                                                    
 
Complete!

The balance of this page demonstrates how to upload, store, and manage Text (Character Large Data Streams) and BLOBs (Binary Large Objects). It provides MySQL equivalent instructions to those for manaing LOBs in an Oracle database. As covered in Chapter 8 in my Oracle Database 11g PL/SQL Programming book.

Before you begin these steps, you should have already installed Zend Server Community Edition. If you haven’t done so, please click here for instructions.

Create directories or folders, and position code →

This section provides you with instructions on how to position the code components in Windows, at least for the newbie. If you’re on Linux, you probably know how to do most if not all of this already. Likewise, if you already know how to put things in the right place, please choose your own locations.

  1. Create a LOB (Large Object) directory for the PHP files inside the htdocs directory.

oraclelobsetup1

    You can down the MySQL PHP Upload LOB Web Code zip file and unzip it into the directory you just created. It can co-exist with the Oracle equivalent if you’ve done that already.

Load a TEXT (like an Oracle CLOB) column to the MySQL database →

This is a copy of the three files required to load a large string to a MySQL database into a mediumtext data type. The code is in clear text because somebody asked for it. They’re nervous about zip files. Click the title above to expand all the code text.

MySQLCredentials.inc

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<?php
  // Connection variables.
  define('HOSTNAME',"localhost");
  define('USERNAME',"student");
  define('PASSWORD',"student");
  define('DATABASE',"sampledb");
?>

UploadItemDescMySQLForm.htm

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<html>
<head>
<title>
  UploadItemDescMySQLForm.htm
</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="uploadForm"
      action="UploadItemDescMySQL.php"
      enctype="multipart/form-data"
      method="post">
  <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Item Number</td>
      <td>
        <input id="id" name="id" type="text">
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Item Title</td>
      <td>
        <input id="title" name="title" type="text">
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Select File</td>
      <td>
        <input id="uploadfilename" name="userfile" type="file">
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Click Button to</td>
      <td><input type="submit" value="Upload File"></td>
    </tr>
  </table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

UploadItemDescMySQL.php

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<?php
  // Set database credentials.
  include_once("MySQLCredentials.inc");
 
  // Displayed moved file in web page.
  $item_desc = process_uploaded_file();
 
  // Return successful attempt to connect to the database.
  if (!$c = @mysqli_connect(HOSTNAME,USERNAME,PASSWORD,DATABASE)) {
    // Print user message.
    print "Sorry! The connection to the database failed. Please try again later.";
 
    // Assign the mysqli_error() and format double and single quotes.
    print mysqli_error();
 
    // Kill the resource.
    die();
  }
  else {
    // Declare input variables.
    $id = (isset($_POST['id']))    ? (int) $_POST['id'] : $id = 21;
    $title = (isset($_POST['title'])) ? $_POST['title'] : $title = "Harry #1";
 
    // Initialize a statement in the scope of the connection.
    $stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($c);
 
    // Declare a PL/SQL execution command.
    $sql = "Update item  set item_desc = ? where item_id = ?";
 
    // Prepate statement and link it to a connection.
    if (mysqli_stmt_prepare($stmt,$sql)) {
      mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt,"si",$item_desc,$id);
 
      // Execute it and print success or failure message.
      if (mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt)) {
        query_insert($id,$title);
      }
      else {
        print "You're target row doesn't exist.";
      }
    }
    // Disconnect from database.
    mysqli_close($c);
  }
 
  // Query results afret an insert.
  function query_insert($id,$title)
  {
    // Return successful attempt to connect to the database.
    if (!$c  = @mysqli_connect(HOSTNAME,USERNAME,PASSWORD,DATABASE)) {
      // Print user message.
      print "Sorry! The connection to the database failed. Please try again later.";
 
      // Assign the OCI error and format double and single quotes.
      print mysqli_error();
 
      // Kill the resource.
      die();
    }
    else {
 
      // Initialize a statement in the scope of the connection.
      $stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($c);
 
      // Declare a SQL SELECT statement returning a CLOB.
      $sql = "SELECT item_desc FROM item WHERE item_id = ?";
 
      // Prepare statement.
      if (mysqli_stmt_prepare($stmt,$sql)) {
        mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt,"i",$id);
 
        // Execute it and print success or failure message.
        if (mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt)) {
 
          // Bind result to local variable.
	      mysqli_stmt_bind_result($stmt, $desc);
 
          // Read result.
          mysqli_stmt_fetch($stmt);
 
          // Format HTML table to display biography.
          $out = '<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">';
          $out .= '<tr>';
          $out .= '<td align="center" class="e">'.$title.'</td>';
          $out .= '</tr>';
          $out .= '<tr>';
          $out .= '<td class="v">'.$desc.'</td>';
          $out .= '</tr>';
          $out .= '</table>';
 
          // Print the HTML table.
          print $out;
        }
      }
 
      // Disconnect from database.
      mysqli_close($c);
    }
  }
 
  // Manage file upload and return file as string.
  function process_uploaded_file()
  {
    // Declare a variable for file contents.
    $contents = "";
 
    // Define the upload file name for Windows or Linux.
    if (preg_match(".Win32.",$_SERVER["SERVER_SOFTWARE"]))
      $upload_file = "C:\\temp\\".$_FILES['userfile']['name'];
    else
      $upload_file = "/tmp/".$_FILES['userfile']['name'];
 
    // Check for and move uploaded file.
    if (is_uploaded_file($_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name']))
      move_uploaded_file($_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name'],$upload_file);
 
    // Open a file handle and suppress an error for a missing file.
    if ($fp = @fopen($upload_file,"r"))
    {
      // Read until the end-of-file marker.
      while (!feof($fp))
        $contents .= fgetc($fp);
      // Close an open file handle.
      fclose($fp);
    }
    // Return file content as string.
    return $contents;
  }
?>

Load a BLOB column to the MySQL database →

This is a copy of the four files required to load a large image to a MySQL database into a MEDIUMBLOB data type. The fourth file reads the binary image and translates it into an HTML header and image that can be read through a call to the src attribute of an img tag. You can find the call to the forth file in the UploadItemBlobMySQL.php.

The code is in clear text because somebody asked for it. They’re nervous about zip files. Click the title above to expand all the code text.

MySQLCredentials.inc

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<?php
  // Connection variables.
  define('HOSTNAME',"localhost");
  define('USERNAME',"student");
  define('PASSWORD',"student");
  define('DATABASE',"sampledb");
?>

UploadItemBlobMySQLForm.htm

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<html>
<head>
<title>
  UploadItemBlobMySQLForm.htm
</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="uploadForm"
      action="UploadItemBlobMySQL.php"
      enctype="multipart/form-data"
      method="post">
  <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Item Number</td>
      <td>
        <input id="id" name="id" type="text">
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Item Title</td>
      <td>
        <input id="title" name="title" type="text">
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Select File</td>
      <td>
        <input id="uploadfilename" name="userfile" type="file">
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td width=125>Click Button to</td>
      <td><input type="submit" value="Upload File"></td>
    </tr>
  </table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

UploadItemBlobMySQL.php

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<?php
  // Set database credentials.
  include_once("MySQLCredentials.inc");
 
  // Displayed moved file in web page.
  $item_blob = process_uploaded_file();
 
  // Return successful attempt to connect to the database.
  if (!$c = @mysqli_connect(HOSTNAME,USERNAME,PASSWORD,DATABASE)) {
    // Print user message.
    print "Sorry! The connection to the database failed. Please try again later.";
 
    // Assign the mysqli_error() error and format double and single quotes.
    print mysqli_error();
 
    // Kill the resource.
    die();
  }
  else {
    // Declare input variables.
    $id = (isset($_POST['id'])) ? (int) $_POST['id'] : 1021;
    $title = (isset($_POST['title'])) ? $_POST['title'] : "Harry #1";
 
    // Initialize a statement in the scope of the connection.
    $stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($c);
 
   // Declare a PL/SQL execution command.
    $sql = "UPDATE item SET item_blob = ? WHERE item_id =  ?";
 
    // Prepare statement and link it to a connection.
    if (mysqli_stmt_prepare($stmt,$sql)) {
      mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt,"bi",$item_blob,$id);
 
      $start = 0;
      $chunk = 8192;
      while ($start < strlen($item_blob)) {
        mysqli_stmt_send_long_data($stmt,0,substr($item_blob,$start,$chunk));
        $start += $chunk;
      }
 
      // Execute the PL/SQL statement.
      if (mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt)) {
        query_insert($id,$title);
      }
      else {
        print "Your target row doesn't exist.";
      }
    }
    else { print "mysqli_stmt_prepare() failed."; }
    // Disconnect from database.
    mysqli_close($c);
  }
 
  // Query results afret an insert.
  function query_insert($id,$title)
  {
    // Return successful attempt to connect to the database.
    if (!$c = @mysqli_connect(HOSTNAME,USERNAME,PASSWORD,DATABASE)) {
      // Print user message.
      print "Sorry! The connection to the database failed. Please try again later.";
 
      // Assign the OCI error and format double and single quotes.
      print mysqli_error();
 
      // Kill the resource.
      die();
    }
    else {
 
      // Initialize a statement in the scope of the connection.
      $stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($c);
 
      // Declare a SQL SELECT statement returning a CLOB.
      $sql = "SELECT item_desc FROM item WHERE item_id = ?";
 
      // Prepare statement and link it to a connection.
      if (mysqli_stmt_prepare($stmt,$sql)) {
        mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt,"i",$id);
 
        // Execute the PL/SQL statement.
        if (mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt)) {
 
          // Bind result to local variable.
	      mysqli_stmt_bind_result($stmt, $data);
 
          // Read result.
          mysqli_stmt_fetch($stmt);
 
          // Format HTML table to display BLOB photo and CLOB description.
          $out = '<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">';
          $out .= '<tr>';
          $out .= '<td align="center" class="e">'.$title.'</td>';
          $out .= '</tr>';
          $out .= '<tr><td class="v">';
          $out .= '<div>';
          $out .= '<div style="margin-right:5px;float:left">';
          $out .= '<img src="ConvertMySQLBlobToImage.php?id='.$id.'">';
          $out .= '</div>';
          $out .= '<div style="position=relative;">'.$data.'</div>';
          $out .= '</div>';
          $out .= '</td></tr>';
          $out .= '</table>';
 
          // Print the HTML table.
          print $out;
        }
        else {
          print "You're target row doesn't exist.";
        }
      }
 
      // Disconnect from database.
      mysqli_close($c);
    }
  }
 
  // Manage file upload and return file as string.
  function process_uploaded_file()
  {
    // Declare a variable for file contents.
    $contents = "";
 
    // Define the upload file name for Windows or Linux.
    if (preg_match(".Win32.",$_SERVER["SERVER_SOFTWARE"]))
      $upload_file = "C:\\TEMP\\".$_FILES['userfile']['name'];
    else
      $upload_file = "/tmp/".$_FILES['userfile']['name'];
 
    // Check for and move uploaded file.
    if (is_uploaded_file($_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name']))
      move_uploaded_file($_FILES['userfile']['tmp_name'],$upload_file);
 
    // Open a file handle and suppress an error for a missing file.
    if ($fp = @fopen($upload_file,"r"))
    {
      // Read until the end-of-file marker.
      while (!feof($fp))
        $contents .= fgetc($fp);
 
      // Close an open file handle.
      fclose($fp);
    }
 
    // Return file content as string.
    return $contents;
  }
?>

ConvertMySQLBlobToImage.php

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<?php
  // Database credentials must be set manually because an include_once() function
  // call puts something ahead of the header, which causes a failure when rendering
  // an image.
 
  // Return successful attempt to connect to the database.
  if (!$c = @mysqli_connect("localhost","student","student","sampledb")) {
 
    // Print user message.
    print "Sorry! The connection to the database failed. Please try again later.";
 
    // Assign the OCI error and format double and single quotes.
    print mysqli_error();
 
    // Kill the resource.
    die();
  }
  else {
 
    // Declare input variables.
    $id = (isset($_GET['id'])) ? (int) $_GET['id'] : 1023;
 
    // Initialize a statement in the scope of the connection.
    $stmt = mysqli_stmt_init($c);
 
    // Declare a SQL SELECT statement returning a MediumBLOB.
    $sql = "SELECT item_blob FROM item WHERE item_id = ?";
 
    // Prepare statement and link it to a connection.
    if (mysqli_stmt_prepare($stmt,$sql)) {
      mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt,"i",$id);
 
      // Execute the PL/SQL statement.
      if (mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt)) {
 
        // Bind result to local variable.
	      mysqli_stmt_bind_result($stmt, $image);
 
        // Read result.
        mysqli_stmt_fetch($stmt);
      }
    } 
 
    // Disconnect from database.
    mysqli_close($c);
 
    // Print the header first.
    header('Content-type: image/x-png');
    imagepng(imagecreatefromstring($image));
  }
?>
  1. Create a temp directory for the upload target location, as qualified in the PHP code. The PHP code works regardless of whether you’re on Windows or Linux, but it does depend on the creation of this directory.

oraclelobsetup2

  1. Create a directory or folder for the large file source directories. This directory is probably on your test machine (laptop) but it mimics a client laptop and would work if your server was on a different machine.

oraclelobsetup3

  1. Inside the Upload directory, you should create the following two directories:

oraclelobsetup4

    You should download the CLOB Text File zip file and unzip it into the textfiles directory; then download the BLOB Image File zip file and unzip it into the imagefiles directory.

Assuming you’ve downloaded the zip files and extracted them into the correct locations, this section is done.

Prepare the MySQL database →

This section provides you with instructions on how to ensure everything will work once the PHP programs call the database. Even if you have one of my sample Video Store databases, you should verify and add appropriate columns. This post assumes you’ve downloaded the one of my basic Video Store models

  1. Navigate to the directory that you created for SQL scripts, which should be /home/student/Data/mysql. In that directory at the command prompt, connect as the student user, which should be student. You connect to the MySQL database, with the following syntax as student (if you need more help, check this blog post on configuring MySQL).
mysql -ustudent -pstudent

Once connected to the database, you run the files to create the database, like:

mysql> source /Data/mysql/create_mysql_store.sql
mysql> source /Data/mysql/seed_mysql_store.sql
  1. Navigate to the directory that you created for SQL scripts, which should be /home/student/Data/mysql. In that directory at the command prompt, connect as the student user, or whichever account you’re using. You should confirm that you have a item_desc column of TEXT data type, and an item_blob column of MEDIUMBLOB type in the item table. If you don’t have those columns, you can add them with the following statement:
ALTER TABLE item
ADD (item_desc TEXT, item_blob MEDIUMBLOB);

After ensuring that you have those two columns, you’ve completed this section.

Test the Configuration →

This section shows you how to test all that you’ve done. It works provided you created the directories and extracted the zip file contents to their respective directories. The virtual URL actually maps to the /var/www/html/lob directory.

  1. Enter the http://localhost/lob/UploadItemDescMySQLForm.htm URL, and complete the form by choosing a valid item_id column value and text file from your /home/student/Upload/TextFiles directory. Then, click the Upload File button (you can see a larger version of the image by clicking on it).

mysql_lob1

  1. This page displays after you successfully upload the text file to the database.

mysql_lob2

  1. Enter the http://localhost/lob/UploadItemBlobFormMySQL.htm URL, and complete the form by choosing a valid item_id column value and image file from your /home/student/Upload/ImageFiles directory. Then, click the Upload File button (you can see a larger version of the image by clicking on it).

mysql_lob3

  1. This page displays after you successfully upload the image file to the database.

mysql_lob4

Troubleshooting the Configuration →

This section shows you how to check why something isn’t working.

  1. The first thing to check are the credentials. They’re in the MySQLCredentials.inc file. They’re posted with a localhost machine name, student username, student password, and sampledb database.
  1. Not to be funny, but the second thing to check are credentials. Specifically, you need to check the credentials in the ConvertBlobToImage.php file. They’re individually entered in the connect string of this file because otherwise they put something in front of the header, which is disallowed to render the image.
  1. Check to see if the text or image file made it to the /var/www/html/lob/temp directory. If they made it that far but no further, check to see if you have valid procedures in the student schema.
  1. Check whether the TEXT and MEDIUMBLOB are loaded into the database. You use the LENGTH function, like this:
SELECT   i.item_id
,        length(i.item_desc)
,        length(i.item_blob)
FROM     item i
WHERE    i.item_desc IS NOT NULL
OR       i.item_blob IS NOT NULL;
  1. Check if the item_id value is found in the list of values.
  1. If you’re stumped, add a comment and explain what’s up.

If you find any problems, please let me know. I’ll be happy to fix them.

Written by maclochlainn

December 28th, 2022 at 10:59 pm

Posted in Database,LAMP,Linux,MySQL,MySQL 8,PHP,Unix

Tagged with , ,

AlmaLinux Install & Configuration

without comments

This is a collection of blog posts for installing and configuring AlmaLinux with the Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL databases and several programming languages. Sample programs show how to connect PHP and Python to the MySQL database.

I used Oracle Database 11g XE in this instance to keep the footprint as small as possible. It required a few tricks and discovering the missing library that caused folks grief eleven years ago. I build another with a current Oracle Database XE after the new year.

If you see something that I missed or you’d like me to add, let me know. As time allows, I’ll try to do that. Naturally, the post will get updates as things are added later.

Written by maclochlainn

December 21st, 2022 at 5:29 pm

Posted in AlmaLinux,Apache,Database,DBA,Java,Java 17,LAMP,Linux,MySQL,MySQL 8,MySQL Connect/J,Oracle,Oracle 11g,Oracle DBA,Oracle Developer,Oracle XE,pdo,Perl,Perl DBI,pgAdmin4,PHP,Postgres,PostgreSQL,PostgreSQL 15,Python 3.x,Rust,VMWare,VSCode

Tagged with , , , , , , , ,

AlmaLinux+SQLDeveloper

with one comment

This post makes the assumption that you’ve installed the current version of Java and the Java SDK. If you haven’t, you can find instructions on my blog. You will also need to have an installation of the Oracle database running on your server or a remote service, or cloud micro service.

The remainder of this post deals with downloading, installing, and configuring Oracle’s SQL Developer for AlmaLinux 9, which is the GNU version of Red Hat Enterprise 9.

  1. Go to Oracle’s download site and download the sqldeveloper RPM file. You will need to provide your Oracle credentials to download SQL Developer. It will download to your sudoer account’s Download directory. In this example the sudoer user is the student user.

    You should see the following web page and click on the Download link, provided you’re installing on Linux it’ll look like the next image.

    Then, you need to accept the license and click the Download button. Oracle will prompt you for your credentials if you’re not logged in on the web page already.

  2. Next, you need to navigate to the Downloads directory and install the sqldeveloper RPM. Assuming your sudoer user is student, you can get to the Downloads directory with the following command. 

    cd ~student/Downloads

    Assuming, you downloaded the SQL Developer package, you can use the following command to install any downloaded version of sqldeveloper package.

    sudo rpm -Uvh `ls sqldeveloper*.rpm`

    The log file for this is:

    Display detailed console log →

    warning: RPM v3 packages are deprecated: sqldeveloper-22.2.1-234.1810.noarch
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
warning: RPM v3 packages are deprecated: sqldeveloper-22.2.1-234.1810.noarch
Updating / installing...
   1:sqldeveloper-22.2.1-234.1810     ################################# [100%]
  3. Click on Activities link in the upper left corner and then the clustered nine dots to view applications. Choose the SQL Developer icon and double click and you should see the following dialog if you’re a first time user. Unless you’re upgrading, click the No button to proceed.

  4. The first official screen after checking whether you need to transfer existing settings wants to know whether or allow or disallow user tracking. Click the OK button if you don’t mind Oracle tracking your use, or click the Allow automated usage reporting to Oracle checkbox to disallow Oracle tracking your use before you click the OK button.

  5. The next screen lets you set up a TNS names file or use an existing file. I clicked on the XE existing database to continue.

    This is a password prompt for the TNS name resolution of XE, which should point to the Oracle Database 11g Express Edition. (I’d use a more current version but I couldn’t resist using the smaller footprint of the pre-containerized Oracle databases.)

    Replace XE with the name of a sandboxed user, like student, and the password for the student user before you click the OK button. (If you don’t know what a sandboxed user is, you should. It’s a user with limited access to a database of the same name in the context of an Oracle database. A non-sandboxed user has global privileges like the system user.)

  6. The next screen lets you enter SQL statements agains the student database. You can click the X button in the top right corner to close the application.

You’ve now installed SQL Developer. However, sometimes I want to start SQL Developer from the command-line interface (CLI) but you’ll get a bunch of warnings and unnecessary Java non-critical errors. So, I create an alias to avoid the extraneous noise. I create the sqldeveloper alias in the .bashrc file for it. You can create a sqldeveloper alias by adding the following line to your .bashrc file:

The unnecessary noise when you don’t create a sqldeveloper alias.

Display detailed console log →

Oracle SQL Developer
Copyright (c) 2005, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM warning: Options -Xverify:none and -noverify were deprecated in JDK 13 and will likely be removed in a future release.
WARNING: A terminally deprecated method in java.lang.System has been called
WARNING: System::setSecurityManager has been called by org.netbeans.TopSecurityManager (file:/opt/sqldeveloper/netbeans/platform/lib/boot.jar)
WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of org.netbeans.TopSecurityManager
WARNING: System::setSecurityManager will be removed in a future release
WARNING: A terminally deprecated method in java.lang.System has been called
WARNING: System::setSecurityManager has been called by oracle.ide.IdeCore (file:/opt/sqldeveloper/ide/extensions/oracle.ide.jar)
WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of oracle.ide.IdeCore
WARNING: System::setSecurityManager will be removed in a future release
java.lang.IllegalAccessException: class oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel cannot access class com.sun.java.swing.plaf.gtk.GTKLookAndFeel (in module java.desktop) because module java.desktop does not export com.sun.java.swing.plaf.gtk to unnamed module @49c746f
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection.newIllegalAccessException(Reflection.java:392)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject.checkAccess(AccessibleObject.java:674)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstanceWithCaller(Constructor.java:489)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.ReflectAccess.newInstance(ReflectAccess.java:128)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.ReflectionFactory.newInstance(ReflectionFactory.java:347)
	at java.base/java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:645)
	at oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel._initLafCombo(EnvironOptionsPanel.java:540)
	at oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel.initComponents(EnvironOptionsPanel.java:238)
	at oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel.<init>(EnvironOptionsPanel.java:99)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:77)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:45)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstanceWithCaller(Constructor.java:499)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:480)
	at javax.ide.util.MetaClass.newInstance(MetaClass.java:145)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.standalone.IndexedPreferencesCommand$IndexPreferencesTask.doWork(IndexedPreferencesCommand.java:122)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.standalone.IndexedPreferencesCommand$IndexPreferencesTask.doWork(IndexedPreferencesCommand.java:65)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.backgroundTask.RaptorTask.call(RaptorTask.java:199)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.backgroundTask.RaptorTaskManager$RaptorFutureTask.run(RaptorTaskManager.java:702)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:539)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1136)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:635)
	at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:833)
java.lang.IllegalAccessException: class oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel cannot access class com.sun.java.swing.plaf.gtk.GTKLookAndFeel (in module java.desktop) because module java.desktop does not export com.sun.java.swing.plaf.gtk to unnamed module @49c746f
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection.newIllegalAccessException(Reflection.java:392)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject.checkAccess(AccessibleObject.java:674)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstanceWithCaller(Constructor.java:489)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.ReflectAccess.newInstance(ReflectAccess.java:128)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.ReflectionFactory.newInstance(ReflectionFactory.java:347)
	at java.base/java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:645)
	at oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel._initLafCombo(EnvironOptionsPanel.java:540)
	at oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel.initComponents(EnvironOptionsPanel.java:238)
	at oracle.ideimpl.config.EnvironOptionsPanel.<init>(EnvironOptionsPanel.java:99)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.config.EnvironOptionsPanelWrapper.<init>(EnvironOptionsPanelWrapper.java:30)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:77)
	at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:45)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstanceWithCaller(Constructor.java:499)
	at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:480)
	at javax.ide.util.MetaClass.newInstance(MetaClass.java:145)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.standalone.IndexedPreferencesCommand$IndexPreferencesTask.doWork(IndexedPreferencesCommand.java:122)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.standalone.IndexedPreferencesCommand$IndexPreferencesTask.doWork(IndexedPreferencesCommand.java:65)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.backgroundTask.RaptorTask.call(RaptorTask.java:199)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
	at oracle.dbtools.raptor.backgroundTask.RaptorTaskManager$RaptorFutureTask.run(RaptorTaskManager.java:702)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:539)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1136)
	at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:635)
	at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:833)

You create the alias like this:

alias  sqldeveloper="sqldeveloper 2>/dev/null &"

That completes the instructions. Good luck with SQL Developer. It’s a great tool.

Written by maclochlainn

December 21st, 2022 at 2:12 pm

Posted in Oracle,Oracle 11g,Oracle 21c

Tagged with ,

AlmaLinux+Java+MySQL

with 2 comments

AlmaLinux generally has Java installed. You can check whether java is installed with this command:

which -a java

It should return:

/usr/bin/java

Then, you can check the Java version with this command:

java -version

For AlmaLinux 9, it should return:

openjdk version "11.0.17" 2022-10-18 LTS
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (Red_Hat-11.0.17.0.8-2.el9_0) (build 11.0.17+8-LTS)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (Red_Hat-11.0.17.0.8-2.el9_0) (build 11.0.17+8-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)

Next, you check whether javac is installed. You can use the which command to determine whether it is installed. Generally, its not installed and you use this command to

sudo dnf search jdk | egrep -- '-17'

It should return:

Last metadata expiration check: 0:11:17 ago on Mon 19 Dec 2022 11:32:48 PM EST.
java-17-openjdk.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 Runtime Environment
java-17-openjdk-demo.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 Demos
java-17-openjdk-devel.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 Development Environment
java-17-openjdk-headless.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 Headless Runtime Environment
java-17-openjdk-javadoc.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 API documentation
java-17-openjdk-javadoc-zip.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 API documentation compressed in a single archive
java-17-openjdk-jmods.x86_64 : JMods for OpenJDK 17
java-17-openjdk-src.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 Source Bundle
java-17-openjdk-static-libs.x86_64 : OpenJDK 17 libraries for static linking

Now, you can install the Java JDK with the following dnf command:

sudo dnf install java-17-openjdk java-17-openjdk-devel

The log file for this is:

Display detailed console log →

Last metadata expiration check: 0:28:26 ago on Mon 19 Dec 2022 11:32:48 PM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
 Package                    Arch     Version                  Repository   Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 java-17-openjdk            x86_64   1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0     appstream   237 k
 java-17-openjdk-devel      x86_64   1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0     appstream   4.7 M
Installing dependencies:
 java-17-openjdk-headless   x86_64   1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0     appstream    40 M
 ttmkfdir                   x86_64   3.0.9-65.el9             appstream    52 k
 xorg-x11-fonts-Type1       noarch   7.5-33.el9               appstream   499 k
 
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  5 Packages
 
Total download size: 45 M
Installed size: 199 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/5): java-17-openjdk-17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_6 342 kB/s | 237 kB     00:00    
(2/5): ttmkfdir-3.0.9-65.el9.x86_64.rpm         520 kB/s |  52 kB     00:00    
(3/5): xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.5-33.el9.noarch.r 849 kB/s | 499 kB     00:00    
(4/5): java-17-openjdk-devel-17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0 1.7 MB/s | 4.7 MB     00:02    
(5/5): java-17-openjdk-headless-17.0.5.0.8-2.el 6.1 MB/s |  40 MB     00:06    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                           6.3 MB/s |  45 MB     00:07     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
  Running scriptlet: java-17-openjdk-headless-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64   1/1 
  Preparing        :                                                        1/1 
  Installing       : java-17-openjdk-headless-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64   1/5 
  Running scriptlet: java-17-openjdk-headless-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64   1/5 
  Installing       : ttmkfdir-3.0.9-65.el9.x86_64                           2/5 
  Installing       : xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.5-33.el9.noarch                 3/5 
  Running scriptlet: xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.5-33.el9.noarch                 3/5 
  Installing       : java-17-openjdk-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64            4/5 
  Running scriptlet: java-17-openjdk-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64            4/5 
  Installing       : java-17-openjdk-devel-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64      5/5 
  Running scriptlet: java-17-openjdk-devel-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64      5/5 
  Running scriptlet: java-17-openjdk-headless-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64   5/5 
  Running scriptlet: java-17-openjdk-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64            5/5 
  Running scriptlet: java-17-openjdk-devel-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64      5/5 
  Verifying        : java-17-openjdk-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64            1/5 
  Verifying        : java-17-openjdk-devel-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64      2/5 
  Verifying        : java-17-openjdk-headless-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64   3/5 
  Verifying        : ttmkfdir-3.0.9-65.el9.x86_64                           4/5 
  Verifying        : xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.5-33.el9.noarch                 5/5 
 
Installed:
  java-17-openjdk-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64                                   
  java-17-openjdk-devel-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64                             
  java-17-openjdk-headless-1:17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64                          
  ttmkfdir-3.0.9-65.el9.x86_64                                                  
  xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.5-33.el9.noarch                                        
 
Complete!

After installing javac, you can verify it with the which command, and check the version with the javac utility.

which -a javac

It should return:

/usr/bin/javac

Then, you can check the Java version with this command:

java -version

For AlmaLinux 9, it should return:

javac 17.0.5

Now, you need to download and install the jdk with the dnf utility. You download the jdk package with the wget utility.

wget https://download.oracle.com/java/17/latest/jdk-17_linux-x64_bin.rpm

It will generate the following console output:

--2022-12-20 00:12:34--  https://download.oracle.com/java/17/latest/jdk-17_linux-x64_bin.rpm
Resolving download.oracle.com (download.oracle.com)... 23.192.208.88
Connecting to download.oracle.com (download.oracle.com)|23.192.208.88|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 163101336 (156M) [application/x-redhat-package-manager]
Saving to: ‘jdk-17_linux-x64_bin.rpm’
 
jdk-17_linux-x64_bi 100%[===================>] 155.54M  11.1MB/s    in 17s     
 
2022-12-20 00:12:51 (9.01 MB/s) - ‘jdk-17_linux-x64_bin.rpm’ saved [163101336/163101336]

You install the jdk package with the dnf utility.

sudo rpm -Uvh jdk-17_linux-x64_bin.rpm

The log file for this is:

Display detailed console log →

warning: jdk-17_linux-x64_bin.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID ec551f03: NOKEY
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:jdk-17-2000:17.0.5-ga            ################################# [100%]

After installing everything, you need to set the default Java. You can discover the available Java versions with the following command:

sudo alternatives --config java

It should return a list and the ability to select one by using the “Selection” number. I recommend you chose #2.

There are 3 programs which provide 'java'.
 
  Selection    Command
-----------------------------------------------
   1           java-11-openjdk.x86_64 (/usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-11.0.17.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64/bin/java)
   2           java-17-openjdk.x86_64 (/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64/bin/java)
*+ 3           /usr/java/jdk-17.0.5/bin/java
 
Enter to keep the current selection[+], or type selection number: 2

Then, you can check the Java version with this command:

java -version

Now, it should return:

openjdk version "17.0.5" 2022-10-18 LTS
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (Red_Hat-17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0) (build 17.0.5+8-LTS)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (Red_Hat-17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0) (build 17.0.5+8-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)

You should define the $JAVA_HOME environment variable in the /etc/profile file. Sometimes, it is also appropriate to include it in your .bashrc file.

export set JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-17.0.5.0.8-2.el9_0.x86_64/bin"

You should also add it to your $PATH variable in your .bashrc file, like:

export set PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME

Now, let’s write the basic “Hello World” program in Java:

// Define the Java program.
public class HelloWorld {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("Hello World!");
  }
}

Compile it with:

javac HelloWorld.java

Run it with the java command:

java HelloWorld

It prints:

Hello World!

Let’s download the MySQL/J Connector from the MySQL website, where we con select the operating system and its version, as shown in the image.

After you download the mysql-connector-j RPM package, you can install it with the following dnf command:

sudo dnf install -y mysql-connector-j-8.0.31-1.el9.noarch.rpm

The log file for this is:

Display detailed console log →

Last metadata expiration check: 2:02:56 ago on Mon 19 Dec 2022 11:32:48 PM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
 Package                Arch        Version             Repository         Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 mysql-connector-j      noarch      1:8.0.31-1.el9      @commandline      2.3 M
 
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package
 
Total size: 2.3 M
Installed size: 2.7 M
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
  Preparing        :                                                        1/1 
  Installing       : mysql-connector-j-1:8.0.31-1.el9.noarch                1/1 
  Verifying        : mysql-connector-j-1:8.0.31-1.el9.noarch                1/1 
 
Installed:
  mysql-connector-j-1:8.0.31-1.el9.noarch                                       
 
Complete!

You should add the $CLASSPATH to your .bashrc file. Add the following line to your .bashrc file and resource your .bashrc file to test the JDBC driver.

export set CLASSPATH="/usr/share/java/mysql-connector-j.jar:."

Let’s write a slightly larger Java program that tests connectivity to the MySQL database, like:

// Import classes.
import java.sql.*;
 
/* You can't include the following on Linux without raising an exception. */
// import com.mysql.jdbc.Driver;
 
public class MySQLConnector {
  public MySQLConnector() {
    /* Declare variables that require explicit assignments because
       they're addressed in the finally block. */
    Connection conn = null;
    Statement stmt = null;
    ResultSet rset = null;
 
    /* Declare other variables. */
    String url;
    String username = "student";
    String password = "student";
    String database = "studentdb";
    String hostname = "localhost";
    String port = "3306";
    String sql;
 
    /* Attempt a connection. */
    try {
      // Set URL.
      url = "jdbc:mysql://" + hostname + ":" + port + "/" + database;
 
      // Create instance of MySQLDriver.
      Class.forName ("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection (url, username, password);
 
      // Query the version of the database.
      sql = "SELECT version()";
      stmt = conn.createStatement();
      rset = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
 
      System.out.println ("Database connection established");
 
      // Read row returns for one column.
      while (rset.next()) {
        System.out.println("MySQLDriver Version [" + rset.getString(1) + "]"); }
 
    }
    catch (SQLException e) {
      System.err.println ("Cannot connect to database server:");
      System.out.println(e.getMessage());
    }
    catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
      System.err.println ("Cannot find MySQL driver class:");
      System.out.println(e.getMessage());
    }
    catch (InstantiationException e) {
      System.err.println ("Cannot instantiate class:");
      System.out.println(e.getMessage());
    }
    catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
      System.err.println ("Illegal access exception:");
      System.out.println(e.getMessage());
    }
    finally {
      if (conn != null) {
        try {
          rset.close();
          stmt.close();
          conn.close();
          System.out.println ("Database connection terminated");
        }
        catch (Exception e) { /* ignore close errors */ }
      }
    }
  }
  /* Unit test. */
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    new MySQLDriver();
  }
}

Just a note, there’s a deprecated behavior introduced in MySQL 8.0.24, which produces the following error message when compiled looking for deprecation:

javac -Xlint:deprecation  MySQLDriver.java

It produces the following error message, which I hope to sort and update later in the week:

MySQLDriver.java:30: warning: [deprecation] newInstance() in Class has been deprecated
      Class.forName ("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver").newInstance();
                                                ^
  where T is a type-variable:
    T extends Object declared in class Class
1 warning

The code does compile because the deprecation is only a warning. When you run the program, like:

java MySQLDriver

It returns, confirming a connection to the MySQL database:

Database connection established
MySQLDriver Version [8.0.30]
Database connection terminated

As always, I hope this helps those trying to sort out new behaviors.

Written by maclochlainn

December 19th, 2022 at 9:51 pm

Posted in Java,Java 17,MySQL,MySQL 8,MySQL Connect/J

Tagged with , ,

AlmaLinux+VSCode

with one comment

How to install and configure VSCode on AlmaLinux (Red Hat Enterprise 9). This is a step-by-step version of the Visual Studio documentation. The first thing you do is download the Microsoft packages:

sudo rpm --import https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc

Next, create the yum repository with the following command:

sudo sh -c 'echo -e "[code]\nname=Visual Studio Code\nbaseurl=https://packages.microsoft.com/yumrepos/vscode\nenabled=1\ngpgcheck=1\ngpgkey=https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc" > /etc/yum.repos.d/vscode.repo'

It creates the following vscode.repo file in the /etc/yum.repos.d directory:

[code]
name=Visual Studio Code
baseurl=https://packages.microsoft.com/yumrepos/vscode
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc

Then, update the package cache and install the package using dnf dnf, like this as the sudoer user:

sudo dnf check-update

The log file for this is:

Display detailed console log →

AlmaLinux 9 - AppStream                         2.9 MB/s | 7.0 MB     00:02    
AlmaLinux 9 - BaseOS                            1.6 MB/s | 2.0 MB     00:01    
AlmaLinux 9 - Extras                             19 kB/s |  17 kB     00:00    
Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 9 - x86_64  1.3 MB/s |  12 MB     00:09    
PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86 103  B/s | 195  B     00:01    
PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86 1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8:
 Userid     : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>"
 Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG
Is this ok [y/N]: y
PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86 114 kB/s | 341 kB     00:02    
PostgreSQL 15 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       159  B/s | 195  B     00:01    
PostgreSQL 15 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8:
 Userid     : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>"
 Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG
Is this ok [y/N]: y
PostgreSQL 15 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64        47 kB/s | 159 kB     00:03    
PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       114  B/s | 195  B     00:01    
PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8:
 Userid     : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>"
 Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG
Is this ok [y/N]: y
PostgreSQL 14 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       129 kB/s | 406 kB     00:03    
PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       103  B/s | 195  B     00:01    
PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8:
 Userid     : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>"
 Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG
Is this ok [y/N]: y
PostgreSQL 13 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       127 kB/s | 384 kB     00:03    
PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       139  B/s | 195  B     00:01    
PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8:
 Userid     : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>"
 Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG
Is this ok [y/N]: y
PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       137 kB/s | 349 kB     00:02    
PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       159  B/s | 195  B     00:01    
PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8:
 Userid     : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>"
 Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG
Is this ok [y/N]: y
PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       102 kB/s | 350 kB     00:03    
PostgreSQL 10 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       113  B/s | 195  B     00:01    
PostgreSQL 10 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64       1.6 MB/s | 1.7 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x442DF0F8:
 Userid     : "PostgreSQL RPM Building Project <pgsql-pkg-yum@postgresql.org>"
 Fingerprint: 68C9 E2B9 1A37 D136 FE74 D176 1F16 D2E1 442D F0F8
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-PGDG
Is this ok [y/N]: y
PostgreSQL 10 for RHEL / Rocky 9 - x86_64        66 kB/s | 197 kB     00:02    
Visual Studio Code                              7.5 MB/s |  31 MB     00:04    
 
NetworkManager.x86_64                      1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-adsl.x86_64                 1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-bluetooth.x86_64            1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-config-server.noarch        1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64                1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-team.x86_64                 1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64                  1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-wifi.x86_64                 1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
NetworkManager-wwan.x86_64                 1:1.40.0-1.el9            baseos     
aardvark-dns.x86_64                        2:1.1.0-5.el9_1           appstream  
almalinux-gpg-keys.x86_64                  9.1-1.9.el9               baseos     
almalinux-release.x86_64                   9.1-1.9.el9               baseos     
almalinux-repos.x86_64                     9.1-1.9.el9               baseos     
alsa-lib.x86_64                            1.2.7.2-1.el9             appstream  
alsa-ucm.noarch                            1.2.7.2-1.el9             appstream  
alsa-utils.x86_64                          1.2.7-1.el9               appstream  
annobin.x86_64                             10.73-3.el9               appstream  
ansible-core.x86_64                        2.13.3-1.el9              appstream  
at.x86_64                                  3.1.23-11.el9             baseos     
audit.x86_64                               3.0.7-103.el9             baseos     
audit-libs.x86_64                          3.0.7-103.el9             baseos     
augeas-libs.x86_64                         1.13.0-2.el9              appstream  
authselect.x86_64                          1.2.5-1.el9               baseos     
authselect-libs.x86_64                     1.2.5-1.el9               baseos     
bash.x86_64                                5.1.8-5.el9               baseos     
bcc.x86_64                                 0.24.0-4.el9              appstream  
bcc-tools.x86_64                           0.24.0-4.el9              appstream  
bind-libs.x86_64                           32:9.16.23-5.el9_1        appstream  
bind-license.noarch                        32:9.16.23-5.el9_1        appstream  
bind-utils.x86_64                          32:9.16.23-5.el9_1        appstream  
binutils.x86_64                            2.35.2-24.el9             baseos     
binutils-gold.x86_64                       2.35.2-24.el9             baseos     
bluez.x86_64                               5.64-2.el9                baseos     
bluez-libs.x86_64                          5.64-2.el9                baseos     
bluez-obexd.x86_64                         5.64-2.el9                appstream  
boost-filesystem.x86_64                    1.75.0-8.el9              appstream  
boost-regex.x86_64                         1.75.0-8.el9              appstream  
boost-system.x86_64                        1.75.0-8.el9              appstream  
boost-thread.x86_64                        1.75.0-8.el9              appstream  
bpftool.x86_64                             5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      baseos     
bpftrace.x86_64                            0.13.1-1.el9              appstream  
buildah.x86_64                             1:1.27.2-2.el9_1          appstream  
cargo.x86_64                               1.62.1-1.el9              appstream  
checkpolicy.x86_64                         3.4-1.el9                 appstream  
chrony.x86_64                              4.2-1.el9                 baseos     
clang-libs.x86_64                          14.0.6-1.el9              appstream  
clang-resource-filesystem.x86_64           14.0.6-1.el9              appstream  
clevis.x86_64                              18-106.el9                appstream  
clevis-luks.x86_64                         18-106.el9                appstream  
cockpit.x86_64                             276.1-1.el9               baseos     
cockpit-bridge.x86_64                      276.1-1.el9               baseos     
cockpit-packagekit.noarch                  276.1-1.el9               appstream  
cockpit-podman.noarch                      53-1.el9                  appstream  
cockpit-storaged.noarch                    276.1-1.el9               appstream  
cockpit-system.noarch                      276.1-1.el9               baseos     
cockpit-ws.x86_64                          276.1-1.el9               baseos     
compiler-rt.x86_64                         14.0.6-1.el9              appstream  
conmon.x86_64                              2:2.1.4-1.el9             appstream  
container-selinux.noarch                   3:2.189.0-1.el9           appstream  
containernetworking-plugins.x86_64         1:1.1.1-3.el9             appstream  
containers-common.x86_64                   2:1-45.el9_1              appstream  
coreutils.x86_64                           8.32-32.el9               baseos     
coreutils-common.x86_64                    8.32-32.el9               baseos     
cpp.x86_64                                 11.3.1-2.1.el9.alma       appstream  
crash.x86_64                               8.0.1-2.el9.alma          appstream  
criu.x86_64                                3.17-4.el9                appstream  
criu-libs.x86_64                           3.17-4.el9                appstream  
cronie.x86_64                              1.5.7-8.el9               baseos     
cronie-anacron.x86_64                      1.5.7-8.el9               baseos     
crun.x86_64                                1.5-1.el9                 appstream  
crypto-policies.noarch                     20220815-1.git0fbe86f.el9 baseos     
crypto-policies-scripts.noarch             20220815-1.git0fbe86f.el9 baseos     
cryptsetup.x86_64                          2.4.3-5.el9               baseos     
cryptsetup-libs.x86_64                     2.4.3-5.el9               baseos     
cups.x86_64                                1:2.3.3op2-16.el9         appstream  
cups-client.x86_64                         1:2.3.3op2-16.el9         appstream  
cups-filesystem.noarch                     1:2.3.3op2-16.el9         appstream  
cups-ipptool.x86_64                        1:2.3.3op2-16.el9         appstream  
cups-libs.x86_64                           1:2.3.3op2-16.el9         baseos     
curl.x86_64                                7.76.1-19.el9             baseos     
dbus.x86_64                                1:1.12.20-6.el9           baseos     
dbus-broker.x86_64                         28-7.el9                  baseos     
desktop-file-utils.x86_64                  0.26-6.el9                appstream  
device-mapper.x86_64                       9:1.02.185-3.el9          baseos     
device-mapper-event.x86_64                 9:1.02.185-3.el9          baseos     
device-mapper-event-libs.x86_64            9:1.02.185-3.el9          baseos     
device-mapper-libs.x86_64                  9:1.02.185-3.el9          baseos     
device-mapper-multipath.x86_64             0.8.7-12.el9_1.1          baseos     
device-mapper-multipath-libs.x86_64        0.8.7-12.el9_1.1          baseos     
device-mapper-persistent-data.x86_64       0.9.0-13.el9              baseos     
dnf.noarch                                 4.12.0-4.el9.alma         baseos     
dnf-data.noarch                            4.12.0-4.el9.alma         baseos     
dnf-plugins-core.noarch                    4.1.0-3.el9               baseos     
dnsmasq.x86_64                             2.85-5.el9                appstream  
dotnet-host.x86_64                         7.0.1-1.el9_1             appstream  
dotnet-hostfxr-7.0.x86_64                  7.0.1-1.el9_1             appstream  
dotnet-runtime-7.0.x86_64                  7.0.1-1.el9_1             appstream  
dracut.x86_64                              057-13.git20220816.el9    baseos     
dracut-config-rescue.x86_64                057-13.git20220816.el9    baseos     
dracut-network.x86_64                      057-13.git20220816.el9    baseos     
dracut-squash.x86_64                       057-13.git20220816.el9    baseos     
dyninst.x86_64                             12.1.0-1.el9              appstream  
e2fsprogs.x86_64                           1.46.5-3.el9              baseos     
e2fsprogs-libs.x86_64                      1.46.5-3.el9              baseos     
elfutils.x86_64                            0.187-5.el9               baseos     
elfutils-debuginfod-client.x86_64          0.187-5.el9               baseos     
elfutils-default-yama-scope.noarch         0.187-5.el9               baseos     
elfutils-devel.x86_64                      0.187-5.el9               appstream  
elfutils-libelf.x86_64                     0.187-5.el9               baseos     
elfutils-libelf-devel.x86_64               0.187-5.el9               appstream  
elfutils-libs.x86_64                       0.187-5.el9               baseos     
epel-release.noarch                        9-4.el9                   epel       
evince.x86_64                              40.5-2.el9                appstream  
evince-libs.x86_64                         40.5-2.el9                appstream  
evince-nautilus.x86_64                     40.5-2.el9                appstream  
evince-previewer.x86_64                    40.5-2.el9                appstream  
evince-thumbnailer.x86_64                  40.5-2.el9                appstream  
evolution-data-server.x86_64               3.40.4-6.el9              appstream  
evolution-data-server-langpacks.noarch     3.40.4-6.el9              appstream  
expat.x86_64                               2.4.9-1.el9_1             baseos     
file.x86_64                                5.39-10.el9               baseos     
file-libs.x86_64                           5.39-10.el9               baseos     
firefox.x86_64                             102.6.0-1.el9_1.alma      appstream  
firewalld.noarch                           1.1.1-3.el9               baseos     
firewalld-filesystem.noarch                1.1.1-3.el9               baseos     
flac-libs.x86_64                           1.3.3-10.el9              appstream  
flatpak.x86_64                             1.12.7-2.el9              appstream  
flatpak-libs.x86_64                        1.12.7-2.el9              appstream  
flatpak-selinux.noarch                     1.12.7-2.el9              appstream  
flatpak-session-helper.x86_64              1.12.7-2.el9              appstream  
fwupd.x86_64                               1.7.9-1.el9.alma.1        baseos     
fwupd-plugin-flashrom.x86_64               1.7.9-1.el9.alma.1        appstream  
gcc.x86_64                                 11.3.1-2.1.el9.alma       appstream  
gcc-c++.x86_64                             11.3.1-2.1.el9.alma       appstream  
gcc-plugin-annobin.x86_64                  11.3.1-2.1.el9.alma       appstream  
gdb.x86_64                                 10.2-10.el9               appstream  
gdb-headless.x86_64                        10.2-10.el9               appstream  
gdm.x86_64                                 1:40.1-17.el9_1           appstream  
gjs.x86_64                                 1.68.6-1.el9              appstream  
glibc.x86_64                               2.34-40.el9               baseos     
glibc-all-langpacks.x86_64                 2.34-40.el9               baseos     
glibc-common.x86_64                        2.34-40.el9               baseos     
glibc-devel.x86_64                         2.34-40.el9               appstream  
glibc-gconv-extra.x86_64                   2.34-40.el9               baseos     
glibc-headers.x86_64                       2.34-40.el9               appstream  
glibc-langpack-en.x86_64                   2.34-40.el9               baseos     
gnome-classic-session.noarch               40.7-2.el9                appstream  
gnome-control-center.x86_64                40.0-27.el9               appstream  
gnome-control-center-filesystem.noarch     40.0-27.el9               appstream  
gnome-initial-setup.x86_64                 40.4-3.el9                appstream  
gnome-screenshot.x86_64                    40.0-4.el9                appstream  
gnome-settings-daemon.x86_64               40.0.1-8.el9              appstream  
gnome-shell.x86_64                         40.10-3.el9               appstream  
gnome-shell-extension-apps-menu.noarch     40.7-2.el9                appstream  
gnome-shell-extension-common.noarch        40.7-2.el9                appstream  
gnome-shell-extension-launch-new-instance.noarch
                                           40.7-2.el9                appstream  
gnome-shell-extension-places-menu.noarch   40.7-2.el9                appstream  
gnome-shell-extension-window-list.noarch   40.7-2.el9                appstream  
gnome-software.x86_64                      41.5-1.el9                appstream  
gnome-system-monitor.x86_64                40.1-3.el9                appstream  
gnome-tour.x86_64                          40.1-2.el9                appstream  
google-noto-fonts-common.noarch            20201206-4.el9            appstream  
google-noto-sans-gurmukhi-fonts.noarch     20201206-4.el9            appstream  
google-noto-sans-sinhala-vf-fonts.noarch   20201206-4.el9            appstream  
grafana.x86_64                             7.5.15-3.el9              appstream  
grafana-pcp.x86_64                         3.2.0-3.el9               appstream  
grub2-common.noarch                        1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
grub2-pc.x86_64                            1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
grub2-pc-modules.noarch                    1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
grub2-tools.x86_64                         1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
grub2-tools-efi.x86_64                     1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
grub2-tools-extra.x86_64                   1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
grub2-tools-minimal.x86_64                 1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
grubby.x86_64                              8.40-61.el9               baseos     
gtk4.x86_64                                4.4.1-2.el9               appstream  
gvfs.x86_64                                1.48.1-4.el9              appstream  
gvfs-client.x86_64                         1.48.1-4.el9              appstream  
gvfs-fuse.x86_64                           1.48.1-4.el9              appstream  
gvfs-goa.x86_64                            1.48.1-4.el9              appstream  
gvfs-gphoto2.x86_64                        1.48.1-4.el9              appstream  
gvfs-mtp.x86_64                            1.48.1-4.el9              appstream  
gvfs-smb.x86_64                            1.48.1-4.el9              appstream  
gzip.x86_64                                1.12-1.el9                baseos     
hicolor-icon-theme.noarch                  0.17-13.el9               appstream  
httpd.x86_64                               2.4.53-7.el9              appstream  
httpd-filesystem.noarch                    2.4.53-7.el9              appstream  
httpd-tools.x86_64                         2.4.53-7.el9              appstream  
hwdata.noarch                              0.348-9.5.el9             baseos     
hyperv-daemons.x86_64                      0-0.40.20190303git.el9    appstream  
hyperv-daemons-license.noarch              0-0.40.20190303git.el9    appstream  
hypervfcopyd.x86_64                        0-0.40.20190303git.el9    appstream  
hypervkvpd.x86_64                          0-0.40.20190303git.el9    appstream  
hypervvssd.x86_64                          0-0.40.20190303git.el9    appstream  
infiniband-diags.x86_64                    41.0-3.el9                appstream  
inih.x86_64                                49-6.el9                  baseos     
initscripts.x86_64                         10.11.5-1.el9             baseos     
initscripts-rename-device.x86_64           10.11.5-1.el9             baseos     
initscripts-service.noarch                 10.11.5-1.el9             baseos     
iotop.noarch                               0.6-30.el9                baseos     
iproute.x86_64                             5.18.0-1.el9              baseos     
iproute-tc.x86_64                          5.18.0-1.el9              baseos     
iptables-libs.x86_64                       1.8.8-4.el9               baseos     
iptables-nft.x86_64                        1.8.8-4.el9               baseos     
irqbalance.x86_64                          2:1.9.0-3.el9             baseos     
iscsi-initiator-utils.x86_64               6.2.1.4-3.git2a8f9d8.el9  baseos     
iscsi-initiator-utils-iscsiuio.x86_64      6.2.1.4-3.git2a8f9d8.el9  baseos     
iwl100-firmware.noarch                     39.31.5.1-127.el9         baseos     
iwl1000-firmware.noarch                    1:39.31.5.1-127.el9       baseos     
iwl105-firmware.noarch                     18.168.6.1-127.el9        baseos     
iwl135-firmware.noarch                     18.168.6.1-127.el9        baseos     
iwl2000-firmware.noarch                    18.168.6.1-127.el9        baseos     
iwl2030-firmware.noarch                    18.168.6.1-127.el9        baseos     
iwl3160-firmware.noarch                    1:25.30.13.0-127.el9      baseos     
iwl5000-firmware.noarch                    8.83.5.1_1-127.el9        baseos     
iwl5150-firmware.noarch                    8.24.2.2-127.el9          baseos     
iwl6000g2a-firmware.noarch                 18.168.6.1-127.el9        baseos     
iwl6000g2b-firmware.noarch                 18.168.6.1-127.el9        baseos     
iwl6050-firmware.noarch                    41.28.5.1-127.el9         baseos     
iwl7260-firmware.noarch                    1:25.30.13.0-127.el9      baseos     
kernel.x86_64                              5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      baseos     
kernel-core.x86_64                         5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      baseos     
kernel-devel.x86_64                        5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      appstream  
kernel-headers.x86_64                      5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      appstream  
kernel-modules.x86_64                      5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      baseos     
kernel-tools.x86_64                        5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      baseos     
kernel-tools-libs.x86_64                   5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      baseos     
kexec-tools.x86_64                         2.0.24-5.el9              baseos     
kmod-kvdo.x86_64                           8.2.0.21-47.el9_1         baseos     
kpartx.x86_64                              0.8.7-12.el9_1.1          baseos     
kpatch.noarch                              0.9.4-3.el9               baseos     
kpatch-dnf.noarch                          0.4-3.el9                 baseos     
krb5-libs.x86_64                           1.19.1-24.el9_1           baseos     
ldns.x86_64                                1.7.1-11.el9              appstream  
ledmon.x86_64                              0.96-4.el9                baseos     
libarchive.x86_64                          3.5.3-3.el9               baseos     
libbabeltrace.x86_64                       1.5.8-10.el9              appstream  
libbasicobjects.x86_64                     0.1.1-53.el9              baseos     
libblockdev.x86_64                         2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-crypto.x86_64                  2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-fs.x86_64                      2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-loop.x86_64                    2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-lvm.x86_64                     2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-mdraid.x86_64                  2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-part.x86_64                    2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-swap.x86_64                    2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libblockdev-utils.x86_64                   2.25-14.el9               appstream  
libbpf.x86_64                              2:0.6.0-1.el9             baseos     
libcollection.x86_64                       0.7.0-53.el9              baseos     
libcom_err.x86_64                          1.46.5-3.el9              baseos     
libcurl.x86_64                             7.76.1-19.el9             baseos     
libdhash.x86_64                            0.5.0-53.el9              baseos     
libdnf.x86_64                              0.67.0-3.el9.alma         baseos     
libdrm.x86_64                              2.4.111-1.el9             appstream  
libertas-sd8787-firmware.noarch            20220708-127.el9          baseos     
libestr.x86_64                             0.1.11-4.el9              appstream  
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libibverbs.x86_64                          41.0-3.el9                baseos     
libini_config.x86_64                       1.3.1-53.el9              baseos     
libipa_hbac.x86_64                         2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
libldb.x86_64                              2.5.2-1.el9               baseos     
libnftnl.x86_64                            1.2.2-1.el9               baseos     
libnl3.x86_64                              3.7.0-1.el9               baseos     
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libomp-devel.x86_64                        14.0.6-1.el9              appstream  
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libref_array.x86_64                        0.1.5-53.el9              baseos     
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libsmbclient.x86_64                        4.16.4-101.el9            baseos     
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libss.x86_64                               1.46.5-3.el9              baseos     
libsss_certmap.x86_64                      2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
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linux-firmware.noarch                      20220708-127.el9          baseos     
linux-firmware-whence.noarch               20220708-127.el9          baseos     
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lvm2-libs.x86_64                           9:2.03.16-3.el9           baseos     
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mesa-filesystem.x86_64                     22.1.5-2.el9              appstream  
mesa-libEGL.x86_64                         22.1.5-2.el9              appstream  
mesa-libGL.x86_64                          22.1.5-2.el9              appstream  
mesa-libgbm.x86_64                         22.1.5-2.el9              appstream  
mesa-libglapi.x86_64                       22.1.5-2.el9              appstream  
mesa-libxatracker.x86_64                   22.1.5-2.el9              appstream  
mesa-vulkan-drivers.x86_64                 22.1.5-2.el9              appstream  
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mod_ssl.x86_64                             1:2.4.53-7.el9            appstream  
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mozilla-filesystem.x86_64                  1.9-30.el9                appstream  
mutter.x86_64                              40.9-10.el9_1             appstream  
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pcp-export-pcp2spark.x86_64                5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
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pcp-gui.x86_64                             5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
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pcp-import-mrtg2pcp.x86_64                 5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-import-sar2pcp.x86_64                  5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
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pcp-pmda-activemq.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-apache.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-bash.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-bcc.x86_64                        5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-bind2.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-bonding.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-bpf.x86_64                        5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-bpftrace.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-cifs.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-cisco.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-dbping.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-denki.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-dm.x86_64                         5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-docker.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-ds389.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-ds389log.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-elasticsearch.x86_64              5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-gfs2.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-gluster.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-gpfs.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-gpsd.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-hacluster.x86_64                  5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-haproxy.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-infiniband.x86_64                 5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-json.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-libvirt.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-lio.x86_64                        5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-lmsensors.x86_64                  5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-logger.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-lustre.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-lustrecomm.x86_64                 5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-mailq.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-memcache.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-mic.x86_64                        5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-mongodb.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-mounts.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-mssql.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-mysql.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-named.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-netcheck.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-netfilter.x86_64                  5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-news.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-nfsclient.x86_64                  5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-nginx.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-nvidia-gpu.x86_64                 5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-openmetrics.x86_64                5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-openvswitch.x86_64                5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-oracle.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-pdns.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-perfevent.x86_64                  5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-podman.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-postfix.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-postgresql.x86_64                 5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-rabbitmq.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-redis.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-roomtemp.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-rsyslog.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-samba.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-sendmail.x86_64                   5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-shping.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-slurm.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-smart.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-snmp.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-sockets.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-statsd.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-summary.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-systemd.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-trace.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-unbound.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-weblog.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-zimbra.x86_64                     5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-pmda-zswap.x86_64                      5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-selinux.x86_64                         5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-system-tools.x86_64                    5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-testsuite.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pcp-zeroconf.x86_64                        5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
perf.x86_64                                5.14.0-162.6.1.el9_1      appstream  
perl-Net-SSLeay.x86_64                     1.92-2.el9                appstream  
perl-PCP-LogImport.x86_64                  5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
perl-PCP-LogSummary.x86_64                 5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
perl-PCP-MMV.x86_64                        5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
perl-PCP-PMDA.x86_64                       5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
pesign.x86_64                              115-4.el9                 appstream  
php.x86_64                                 8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-cli.x86_64                             8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-common.x86_64                          8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-fpm.x86_64                             8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-mbstring.x86_64                        8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-mysqlnd.x86_64                         8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-opcache.x86_64                         8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-pdo.x86_64                             8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
php-xml.x86_64                             8.0.20-3.el9              appstream  
podman.x86_64                              2:4.2.0-7.el9_1           appstream  
podman-catatonit.x86_64                    2:4.2.0-7.el9_1           appstream  
poppler.x86_64                             21.01.0-13.el9            appstream  
poppler-cpp.x86_64                         21.01.0-13.el9            appstream  
poppler-glib.x86_64                        21.01.0-13.el9            appstream  
poppler-utils.x86_64                       21.01.0-13.el9            appstream  
postfix.x86_64                             2:3.5.9-19.el9            appstream  
postfix-perl-scripts.x86_64                2:3.5.9-19.el9            appstream  
power-profiles-daemon.x86_64               0.11.1-1.el9              appstream  
procps-ng.x86_64                           3.3.17-8.el9              baseos     
protobuf-lite.x86_64                       3.14.0-13.el9             appstream  
python-unversioned-command.noarch          3.9.14-1.el9_1.1          appstream  
python3.x86_64                             3.9.14-1.el9_1.1          baseos     
python3-audit.x86_64                       3.0.7-103.el9             appstream  
python3-bcc.noarch                         0.24.0-4.el9              appstream  
python3-cairo.x86_64                       1.20.1-1.el9              appstream  
python3-cryptography.x86_64                36.0.1-2.el9              appstream  
python3-dnf.noarch                         4.12.0-4.el9.alma         baseos     
python3-dnf-plugins-core.noarch            4.1.0-3.el9               baseos     
python3-firewall.noarch                    1.1.1-3.el9               baseos     
python3-gobject.x86_64                     3.40.1-6.el9              appstream  
python3-gobject-base.x86_64                3.40.1-6.el9              baseos     
python3-hawkey.x86_64                      0.67.0-3.el9.alma         baseos     
python3-koji.noarch                        1.31.0-1.el9              epel       
python3-libdnf.x86_64                      0.67.0-3.el9.alma         baseos     
python3-libs.x86_64                        3.9.14-1.el9_1.1          baseos     
python3-libvirt.x86_64                     8.5.0-2.el9               appstream  
python3-lxml.x86_64                        4.6.5-3.el9               appstream  
python3-nftables.x86_64                    1:1.0.4-2.el9             baseos     
python3-pcp.x86_64                         5.3.7-7.el9               appstream  
python3-psycopg2.x86_64                    2.9.5-1.rhel9             pgdg-common
python3-rpm.x86_64                         4.16.1.3-19.el9_1         baseos     
python3-rtslib.noarch                      2.1.75-1.el9              appstream  
python3-setools.x86_64                     4.4.0-5.el9               baseos     
qemu-guest-agent.x86_64                    17:7.0.0-13.el9           appstream  
qpdf-libs.x86_64                           10.3.1-6.el9              appstream  
qt5-qtbase.x86_64                          5.15.3-1.el9              appstream  
qt5-qtbase-common.noarch                   5.15.3-1.el9              appstream  
qt5-qtbase-gui.x86_64                      5.15.3-1.el9              appstream  
qt5-qtsvg.x86_64                           5.15.3-1.el9              appstream  
qt5-srpm-macros.noarch                     5.15.3-1.el9              appstream  
rasdaemon.x86_64                           0.6.7-8.el9               appstream  
redhat-rpm-config.noarch                   196-1.el9.alma            appstream  
rhel-system-roles.noarch                   1.20.1-1.el9_1            appstream  
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rpm-sign.x86_64                            4.16.1.3-19.el9_1         baseos     
rpm-sign-libs.x86_64                       4.16.1.3-19.el9_1         baseos     
rsync.x86_64                               3.2.3-18.el9              baseos     
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rsyslog-gnutls.x86_64                      8.2102.0-105.el9          appstream  
rsyslog-gssapi.x86_64                      8.2102.0-105.el9          appstream  
rsyslog-logrotate.x86_64                   8.2102.0-105.el9          appstream  
rsyslog-relp.x86_64                        8.2102.0-105.el9          appstream  
runc.x86_64                                4:1.1.4-1.el9_1           appstream  
rust.x86_64                                1.62.1-1.el9              appstream  
rust-std-static.x86_64                     1.62.1-1.el9              appstream  
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samba-common.noarch                        4.16.4-101.el9            baseos     
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sane-backends-libs.x86_64                  1.0.32-7.el9              appstream  
sdl12-compat.x86_64                        1.2.52-1.el9              appstream  
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sg3_utils.x86_64                           1.47-9.el9                baseos     
sg3_utils-libs.x86_64                      1.47-9.el9                baseos     
shadow-utils.x86_64                        2:4.9-5.el9               baseos     
shadow-utils-subid.x86_64                  2:4.9-5.el9               baseos     
sos.noarch                                 4.3-5.el9_1.alma          baseos     
speex.x86_64                               1.2.0-11.el9              appstream  
sssd.x86_64                                2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-ad.x86_64                             2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-client.x86_64                         2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-common.x86_64                         2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-common-pac.x86_64                     2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-ipa.x86_64                            2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-kcm.x86_64                            2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-krb5.x86_64                           2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-krb5-common.x86_64                    2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-ldap.x86_64                           2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
sssd-proxy.x86_64                          2.7.3-4.el9_1.1           baseos     
strace.x86_64                              5.18-2.el9                baseos     
sushi.x86_64                               3.38.1-2.el9              appstream  
systemd.x86_64                             250-12.el9_1              baseos     
systemd-libs.x86_64                        250-12.el9_1              baseos     
systemd-pam.x86_64                         250-12.el9_1              baseos     
systemd-rpm-macros.noarch                  250-12.el9_1              baseos     
systemd-udev.x86_64                        250-12.el9_1              baseos     
systemtap.x86_64                           4.7-2.el9                 appstream  
systemtap-client.x86_64                    4.7-2.el9                 appstream  
systemtap-devel.x86_64                     4.7-2.el9                 appstream  
systemtap-runtime.x86_64                   4.7-2.el9                 appstream  
tar.x86_64                                 2:1.34-5.el9              baseos     
tcl.x86_64                                 1:8.6.10-7.el9            baseos     
teamd.x86_64                               1.31-14.el9               baseos     
tigervnc.x86_64                            1.12.0-4.el9              appstream  
tigervnc-icons.noarch                      1.12.0-4.el9              appstream  
tigervnc-license.noarch                    1.12.0-4.el9              appstream  
tpm2-tools.x86_64                          5.2-2.el9_1               baseos     
tpm2-tss.x86_64                            3.0.3-8.el9               baseos     
tzdata.noarch                              2022g-1.el9_1             baseos     
tzdata-java.noarch                         2022g-1.el9_1             appstream  
unbound-libs.x86_64                        1.16.2-2.el9              appstream  
valgrind.x86_64                            1:3.19.0-3.el9            appstream  
valgrind-devel.x86_64                      1:3.19.0-3.el9            appstream  
vdo.x86_64                                 8.2.0.2-1.el9             baseos     
virt-what.x86_64                           1.25-1.el9                baseos     
vulkan-loader.x86_64                       1.3.224.0-2.el9           appstream  
wavpack.x86_64                             5.4.0-5.el9               appstream  
which.x86_64                               2.21-28.el9               baseos     
woff2.x86_64                               1.0.2-15.el9              appstream  
wpa_supplicant.x86_64                      1:2.10-4.el9              baseos     
wpebackend-fdo.x86_64                      1.10.0-3.el9              appstream  
xdg-dbus-proxy.x86_64                      0.1.3-1.el9               appstream  
xdg-desktop-portal.x86_64                  1.12.4-1.el9              appstream  
xdg-desktop-portal-gtk.x86_64              1.12.0-3.el9              appstream  
xorg-x11-server-Xorg.x86_64                1.20.11-11.el9            appstream  
xorg-x11-server-Xwayland.x86_64            21.1.3-3.el9              appstream  
xorg-x11-server-common.x86_64              1.20.11-11.el9            appstream  
yum.noarch                                 4.12.0-4.el9.alma         baseos     
zenity.x86_64                              3.32.0-8.el9              appstream  
zlib.x86_64                                1.2.11-34.el9             baseos     
zlib-devel.x86_64                          1.2.11-34.el9             appstream  
Obsoleting Packages
grub2-tools.x86_64                         1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
    grub2-tools.x86_64                     1:2.06-27.el9_0.7.alma    @baseos    
grub2-tools-efi.x86_64                     1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
    grub2-tools.x86_64                     1:2.06-27.el9_0.7.alma    @baseos    
grub2-tools-extra.x86_64                   1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
    grub2-tools.x86_64                     1:2.06-27.el9_0.7.alma    @baseos    
grub2-tools-minimal.x86_64                 1:2.06-46.el9.alma        baseos     
    grub2-tools.x86_64                     1:2.06-27.el9_0.7.alma    @baseos    
libpq5.x86_64                              15.0-42.2PGDG.rhel9       pgdg-common
    libpq.x86_64                           13.5-1.el9                @AppStream 
libpq5.x86_64                              15.1-42PGDG.rhel9         pgdg-common
    libpq.x86_64                           13.5-1.el9                @AppStream

You can install the VSCode package using dnf dnf, like this as the sudoer user:

sudo dnf install -y code

The log file for this is:

Display detailed console log →

Visual Studio Code                              6.9 MB/s |  31 MB     00:04    
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:09 ago on Mon 19 Dec 2022 10:52:28 PM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
 Package      Architecture   Version                         Repository    Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 code         x86_64         1.74.1-1671015385.el7           code         132 M
 
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package
 
Total download size: 132 M
Installed size: 384 M
Downloading Packages:
code-1.74.1-1671015385.el7.x86_64.rpm           7.6 MB/s | 132 MB     00:17    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                           7.6 MB/s | 132 MB     00:17     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
  Preparing        :                                                        1/1 
  Installing       : code-1.74.1-1671015385.el7.x86_64                      1/1 
  Running scriptlet: code-1.74.1-1671015385.el7.x86_64                      1/1 
  Verifying        : code-1.74.1-1671015385.el7.x86_64                      1/1 
 
Installed:
  code-1.74.1-1671015385.el7.x86_64                                             
 
Complete!

Click on Activities in the upper left corner and then the clustered nine dots to view applications. Choose the Visual Studio and double click and you should see the following dialog:

Choose a color schema that works for you, then click the less than symbol in the top left hand corner to start working with Visual Studio Code:

As always, I hope this helps those looking for step-by-step instructions and clarity of complete examples.

Written by maclochlainn

December 19th, 2022 at 8:50 pm

Posted in AlmaLinux,Linux,VSCode

Tagged with ,

Wrapping sqlplus

with one comment

After sorting out the failures of Oracle Database 11g (11.2.0) on AlmaLinux, I grabbed the Enterprise Linux 9 rlwrap library. The rlwrap is a ‘readline wrapper’ that uses the GNU readline library to
allow the editing of keyboard input for any other command. Input history is remembered across invocations, separately for each command; history completion and search work as in bash and completion word
lists can be specified on the command line.

Installed it with the dnf utility:

dnf install -y rlwrap

It gave me this log file:

Last metadata expiration check: 0:53:30 ago on Fri 02 Dec 2022 01:07:54 AM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================================================================
 Package                      Architecture                 Version                             Repository                  Size
================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 rlwrap                       x86_64                       0.45.2-3.el9                        epel                       132 k
 
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================================
Install  1 Package
 
Total download size: 132 k
Installed size: 323 k
Downloading Packages:
rlwrap-0.45.2-3.el9.x86_64.rpm                                                                  162 kB/s | 132 kB     00:00    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                           117 kB/s | 132 kB     00:01     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
Regex version mismatch, expected: 10.40 2022-04-14 actual: 10.37 2021-05-26
  Preparing        :                                                                                                        1/1 
  Installing       : rlwrap-0.45.2-3.el9.x86_64                                                                             1/1 
  Running scriptlet: rlwrap-0.45.2-3.el9.x86_64                                                                             1/1 
  Verifying        : rlwrap-0.45.2-3.el9.x86_64                                                                             1/1 
 
Installed:
  rlwrap-0.45.2-3.el9.x86_64                                                                                                    
 
Complete!

Then, I added this sqlplus function to the student account’s .bashrc file:

sqlplus () 
{
    # Discover the fully qualified program name. 
    path=`which rlwrap 2>/dev/null`
    file=''
 
    # Parse the program name from the path.
    if [ -n ${path} ]; then
        file=${path##/*/}
    fi;
 
    # Wrap when there is a file and it is rewrap.
    if [ -n ${file} ] && [[ ${file} = "rlwrap" ]]; then
        rlwrap sqlplus "${@}"
    else
        echo "Command-line history unavailable: Install the rlwrap package."
        $ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus "${@}"
    fi
}

Then, I connected to the old, but tiny, footprint of Oracle Database 11g XE for testing, which worked:

Yes, I couldn’t resist. After all Version 11 was the last non-pluggable release and it’s been 11 years since its release. A double lucky 11.

Naturally, you can always use vi (or vim) to edit the command history provided you include the following command in your .bashrc file:

set -o vi

Next, I’ll build a new VM instance with the current version of Oracle Database XE for student testing.

As always, I hope this helps those working with Oracle’s database products.

Written by maclochlainn

December 19th, 2022 at 11:28 am

Posted in AlmaLinux,Linux,Oracle,Oracle 11g,sql,SQL*Plus

Tagged with ,

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